Most common congenital deformities of the foot. Metatarsus varus and equinovarus foot
Abstract
Introduction: Congenital metatarsus varus and talipes equinovarus (clubfoot) are described as the most common deformities in children, which is why it is important to know the characteristics of each of them for better diagnosis and treatment.
Objective: To update information on the diagnosis, epidemiology and treatment of congenital metatarsus varus and congenital clubfoot.
Methods: A bibliographic search was carried out between 2016 and 2021 on metatarsus varus and congenital clubfoot. 345 publications were reviewed in the PubMed, LILACS, SciELO and Medigraphic databases. The MESH terms congenital metatarsus varus, congenital equinus varus, conservative treatment, surgical treatment, diagnosis were used. Using the EndNote search manager and reference manager, the articles were selected for the discussion of this work.
Results: With the interpretation of the reviewed bibliography, it was possible to know the new studies that have been carried out on congenital metatarsus varus and clubfoot, on diagnosis, epidemiology and treatment.
Conclusions: Parents who have children with pediatric foot deformity should be assisted in counseling. Additionally, parents should know that the prognosis of these deformities depends on the severity and complexity of these defects. Therefore, treatment approaches can range from observation to surgery. In most cases, the deformities are congenital. However, they can be secondary to neurological, endocrine or genetic conditions.
DeCS: FOOT DEFORMITIES, CONGENITAL; LIMB DEFORMITIES, CONGENITAL; METATARSUS VARUS/surgery; CLUBFOOT/surgery; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT.
Downloads
References
1. Siahaan DM, Días Ismiarto Y, Herman H. Pola fraktur metatarsal dengankelainan. metatarsus aduktus pada kasuskecelakaanbermotor. Syifa’ MED [Internet]. 2020 [citado 12 May 2022];11(1):23-9. Disponible en: https://jurnal.umpalembang.ac.id/syifamedika/article/download/2195/pdf1
2. Sarwark JF, Carl RL. Orthopaedics for the newborn and young child [Internet]. Luxemburgo: Springer; 2022 [citado 26 Oct 2023]. Disponible en: https://cmu.marmot.org/Record/.b65990791/TOC
3. Freedman D, Kotlarsky P, Eidelman M. Novel device for nonsurgical correction of rigid forefoot adduction in children. J Pediatr Orthop B [Internet]. 2022 [citado 12 May 2022];31(2):e202-e207. Disponible en: https://journals.lww.com/jpo-b/fulltext/2022/03000/novel_device_for_nonsurgical_correction_of_rigid.29.aspx
4. Rueda L, Kristel K, Aldaz S, Patricia M. Pie equinovaro congénito tratamiento y pronóstico actual. MQR Investigar [Internet]. 2023 [citado 12 May 2022];7(2):1652-1665. Disponible en: https://www.investigarmqr.com/ojs/index.php/mqr/article/view/422/1740
5. Mousafeiris V, Dreyer MA, Thomas A. Pediatric Foot Alignment Deformities. [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 10 Agosto 2023 [citado 26 Oct 2023]. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK592393/
6. Butterworth M, Marcoux J. The Pediatric Foot and Ankle Diagnosis and Management: Diagnosis and Management [Internet]. Luxemburgo: Springer; 2020 [citado 26 Oct 2023]. Disponible en: https://digital.library.tu.ac.th/tu_dc/frontend/Info/item/dc:181019
7. Abril JC, Vara Patudo I, Egea Gámez RM, Montero Díaz M. Displasia del desarrollo de la cadera y trastornos ortopédicos del recién nacido. Pediatr Integral [Internet]. 2019 [citado 12 May 2022];XXIII(4):176–186. Disponible en: https://www.pediatriaintegral.es/publicacion-2019-06/displasia-del-desarrollo-de-la-cadera-y-trastornos-ortopedicos-del-recien-nacido/
8. Eyimina PD, Echem RC. Epidemiología del metatarso aducto congénito: experiencia de una institución de tercer nivel de salud. Revista Americana de Ciencias Médicas y Medicina [Internet]. 2020 [citado 26 Oct 2022];8(2):54-61. Disponible en: https://pubs.sciepub.com/ajmsm/8/2/3/index.html
9. Martínez G. Deformidades de los pies en niños. Rev Med Clin Condes [Internet]. 2021 [citado 26 Oct 2022];32(3):336-43. Disponible en: https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-revista-medica-clinica-las-condes-202-articulo-deformidades-de-los-pies-en-S0716864021000419
10. Baar A. Problemas rotacionales de las extremidades inferiores en niños y adolescentes. Rev Med Clin Condes [Internet]. 2021 [citado 05 Jul 2022];32(3):286-294. Disponible en: https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-revista-medica-clinica-lascondes-202-articulo-problemas-rotacionales-de-las- extremidades-S0716864021000420
11. Mohamed Salama A, Mohamed El-Adawy A, Mashhour Gaber A, Abdelrhman Hafez A. The Role of Surgery in Management of Primary Metatarsus Adductus. The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine [Internet]. 2020 [citado 13 Dic 2023];80:570-575. Disponible en: https://journals.ekb.eg/article_87644_da24c2d2bbc3781de43223508ab12a2pdf
12. León Rodríguez A. Prevalencia de patología ortopédica pediátrica en lactantes de 1 a 6 meses de edad, en el Hospital Regional ISSSTE, Puebla, de enero a diciembre de 2019 [tesis]. Puebla: Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; 2021. [citado 13 Dic 2023]. Disponible en: https://repositorioinstitucional.buap.mx/handle/20.500.12371/16117
13. Rampal V, Giuliano F. Forefoot malformations, deformities and other congenital defects in children. Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery&Research [Internet]. 2020 [citado 13 Dic 2023];106. Disponible en: https://hal.science/hal-03490023
14. Rocca G, De Venuto A, Colasanto G, Zielli SO, Mazzotti A, Faldini C. Congenital metatarsus varus: early diagnosis and conservative treatment in 112 patients. Musculoskelet Surg [Internet]. 2023 [citado 25 Dic 2023];107(4):379-384. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3571624
15. Oliván Gonzalvo G, Oliván Gracia S. Tratamiento del pie zambo congénito a lo largo de la historia. Rev Méd Electrón [Internet]. 2021 [citado 06 Ene 2024];43(2). Disponible en: https://revmedicaelectronica.sld.cu/index.php/rme/article/view/3643
16. Bossio JE, González A, Cuencac FJ, Herrera G, Morcuende JA, Sepúlveda-Arriagada D. Etiología y anatomía patológica del pie equino varo congénito idiopático. Revisión de conceptos actuales. Revista-colombiana-ortopedia-traumatologia [Internet]. 2021 [citado 06 Ene 2024];35:3-9. Disponible en: https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-revista-colombiana-ortopediatraumatologia-380-articulo-etiologia-anatomia-patologica-del-pie-S0120884521000031
17. Alonge VO. Proposing Transmalleolar Axis Bisector (TMAB) as a Geometrically Accurate Alternative to the Heel Bisector Line for the Clinical Assessment of Metatarsus Adductus. Int J Foot Ankle [Internet]. 2020 [citado 12 Jul 2022];4:041. Disponible en: https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijfa/international-journal-of-foot-and-ankle-ijfa-4-041.pdf?jid=ijfa
18. Gaytán-Fernández S, Ceballos-Juárez A, García-Galicia A, Muñoz-Gómez AA, Martínez-Asención JP, Barragán-Hervella RG, et al. Seguimiento por cuatro años de pacientes con pie equinovaro aducto congénito manejados con método Ponseti. Acta ortop mex [Internet]. 2021 [citado 07 Ene 2024];35(2):197-200. Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2306-41022021000200197&lng=es
19. Weinstein SL, Flynn JM. Lovell and Winter’s pediatric orthopedics [Internet]. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2020 [citado 27 Feb 2023]. Disponible en: https://shop.lww.com/Lovell-and-Winter-s-Pediatric-Orthopaedics/p/9781975108663
20. Bouchard M. Pediatric metatarsus adductus and cavovarus foot. En: Wagner E, Wagner P, editores. Foot and Ankle Disorders. Santiago de Chile: Springer; 2022 [citado 27 Feb 2023]. Disponible en: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95738-4_8
21. Faviola Corti M, Antonio Gutiérrez A, Torres R. Aplicación del Método de Ponseti en el Talipes Equino Varo. Rev Venez Cir Ortop Traumatol [Internet]. 2019 [citado 27 Feb 2022];51(2):45-52. Disponible en: https://www.svcot.org/ediciones/2019/2/art-2/
22. Robinson Z. ¿Qué es el metatarso aducto? [Internet]. Oxford St: Bondy Podiatry;2018 [citado 05 Jul 2022]. Disponible en: https://www.bondipodiatry.com.au/blog/what-is-metatarsus-adductus
23. Kite JH. Congenital metatarsus varus; report of 300 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am [Internet]. 1950 [citado 05 Jul 2022];32(3). Disponible en: https://journals.lww.com/jbjsjournal/abstract/1950/32030/congenital_metatarsus_varus_report_of_300_cases.3.asp
24. Herring JA. Tachdjian's Pediatric Orthopaedics. 5ta ed. España: Saunders; 2014.
25. Karimi M, Kavyani M, Tahmasebi R. Conservative treatment for metatarsus adductus. A systematic review of literature. J Foot Ankle Surg [Internet]. 2022 [citado 05 Jul 2022];61(4):914-9. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2022.01.016
26. Panski A, Goldman V, Simanovsky N, Lamdan M, Lamdan R. Universal neonatal foot orthotics-a novel treatment of infantile metatarsus adductus. Eur J Pediatr [Internet]. 2021 [citado 05 Jul 2022];180(9):2943-49. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-021-04048-5
27. Mohamed A, El-Adawy AM, Mashhour A, Abdelrhman A. The role of surgery in management of primary metatarsus adductus. Egyp J Hosp Med [Internet]. 2020 [citado 05 Jul 2022];80:570-5. Disponible en: https://ejhm.journals.ekb.eg/article_87644_da24c2d2bbc3781de43223508ab12a2d.pdf
28. Siegel SJ. The Modified Lepird Procedure for Correction of Metatarsus Adductus. J Foot Ankle Surg [Internet]. 2019 [citado 05 Jul 2022];58(5):1045-1050. Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1067251618305891?via%3Dihub
29. Birch GJ. The Orthopaedic Examination: Clinical Application. 5th ed [Internet]. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2014 [citado 05 Jul 2023]. Disponible en: https://www.clinicalkey.es/#!/content/book/3-s2.0B97814377B97814377 1549100023
30. Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Gutiérrez-Blanco M, Pineda-Folgoso L. Diagnóstico y tratamiento actual del metatarso varo congénito. Rev cuba ortop traumatol [Internet]. 2023 [citado 10 Ene 2024];37(4). Disponible en: https://revortopedia.sld.cu/index.php/revortopedia/article/view/838
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright: Camagüey Medical Archive Magazine, offers immediately after being indexed in the SciELO Project; Open access to the full text of the articles under the principle of making available and free the research to promote the exchange of global knowledge and contribute to a greater extension, publication, evaluation and extensive use of the articles that can be used without purpose As long as reference is made to the primary source.
Conflicts of interest: authors must declare in a mandatory manner the presence or not of conflicts of interest in relation to the investigation presented.
(Download Statement of potential conflicts of interest)
The Revista Archivo Médico de Camagüey is under a License Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
This license allows others to distribute, to mix, to adjust and to build from its work, even for commercial purposes, as long as it is recognized the authorship of the original creation. This is the most helpful license offered. Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed materials. The full license can be found at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/
22 julio 2025