Exposure to electromagnetic fields and its relationship with cardiovascular risk in a population
Abstract
Introduction: The generation of electrical energy constitutes one of the most important indicators of development of a nation. In this process, extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields are generated, which could affect the heart.
Objective: To identify the association between global cardiovascular risk and exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields.
Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out in the Health Area November 27, of the Marianao municipality of Havana province, in 2018. The sample consisted of 152 individuals. The cardiovascular risk was determined, according to the Gaziano predictive tables without laboratory. Measurements of magnetic flux densities were made in their homes. It was assessed whether these were associated with the intensity of electricity generation at the neighboring thermoelectric plant and with the overall cardiovascular risk of the residents. Spearman's non-parametric correlation was used.
Results: 31,6% of the studied population was evaluated with high and very high cardiovascular risk as a whole. 120 individuals were exposed in their homes to magnetic flux densities between 0 and 0,9 µT. There was a statistically significant correlation between the intensity of the current generated by the industry and the magnetic flux densities in the rooms used to sleep.
Conclusions: No association was observed between the cardiovascular risk and the magnetic flux densities measured in the dwellings. Exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields was not a cardiovascular risk factor for the population studied.
DeCS: ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS; HEART DISEASE RISK FACTORS; EXHIBITION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; RISK ASSESSMENT.
Downloads
References
1. Knave B. Radiaciones no ionizantes. En: Stellman JM, editor. Enciclopedia de Salud y Seguridad en el Trabajo [Internet]. 2013 [citado 25 Nov 2021]. Disponible en: https://www.virtualpro.co/biblioteca/enciclopedia-de-salud-y-seguridad-en-el-trabajo-radiaciones-no-ionizantes
2. Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES). Effets sanitaires liés ? exposition aux champs électromagnétiques basses fréquences. Avis de l’Anses [Internet]. 2019 Abr [citado 25 Nov 2021]. Disponible en: https://www.anses.fr/fr/system/files/AP2013SA0038Ra.pdf
3. Panagopoulos DJ. Comparing DNA damage induced by mobile telephony and other types of man-made electromagnetic fields. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res. 2019 Jul-Sep;781:53-62. doi.org/10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.03.003.
4. Belmonte P. Los impactos ambientales de las líneas e infraestructuras eléctricas. [Internet]. Murcia: Ecologistas en Acción; 2019. [citado 25 Nov 2021]. Disponible en: https://www.ecologistasenaccion.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/informe-impacto-ambiental-lineas-electricas.pdf
5. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Tratado de Fisiología Médica. 9ª ed. La Habana: Editorial Ciencias Médicas; 1998.
6. Pall ML. Electromagnetic fields act via activation of voltage-gated calcium channels to produce beneficial or adverse effects. J Cell Mol Med [Internet]. 2013 Ago [citado 23 Nov 2021];17(8):958-65. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3780531/.
7. Waheed A, Gamal A, Nasr GMA, Moustafa H M. Prevalence of Cardiac Problems Among Workers Exposed to Magnetic Fields in a High Voltage Electrical Power Station in Egypt. Prevention Integral [Internet]. 2006 [citado 23 Nov 2021];97(3):1073-8. Disponible en: https://www.prevencionintegral.com/canal-orp/papers/orp-2006/prevalence-cardiac-problems-among-workers-exposed-magnetic-fields-high
8. Asanova TP, Rakov AI. The state of health persons working in electric fields of outdoor 400 and 500 kV switchyards. Labor Hyg Occup Dis (Engl Transl). 1966; 5:50-52.
9. Liu X, Zhao L, Yu D, Ma S, Liu X. Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic field on the health of workers in automotive industry. Electromagn Biol Med [Internet]. 2013 Dic [citado 23 Nov 2021]; 32(4): 551-9. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23631695/.
10. Savitz DA, Liao D, Sastre A, Kleckner RC, Kavet R. Magnetic field exposure and cardiovascular disease mortality among electric utility workers. Am J Epidemiol [Internet]. 1999 Ene [citado 25 Nov 2021];149(2):135–142. Disponible en:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10588087/.
11. Håkansson N, Gustavsson P, Sastre A, Floderus B. Occupational Exposure to Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields and Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease. Am J Epidemiol [Internet]. 2003 Sep [citado 25 Nov 2021];158(6):534-542. Disponible en: https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/158/6/534/99386
12. Sert C. Interaction of Electromagnetic Field – Biological System and Three İmportant Diseases: Cancer, Diabet and Cardiac Diseases. JSM Anat Physiol [Internet]. 2016 [citado 25 Nov 2021];1(1):1001. Disponible en: https://www.jscimedcentral.com/Anatomy/anatomy-1-1001.pdf
13. Perry S, Pearl L. Power frequency magnetic field and illness in multistorey blocks. Public Health [Internet]. 1988 [citado 25 Nov 2021];102(1):11-8. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3344307/.
14. Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, Agabiti E, Michel R, Michel A, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. European Heart Journal [Internet]. 2018 Sep [citado 25 Nov 2021];39(33):3021-04. Disponible en: https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/39/33/3021/5079119?login=true
15. World Health Organization. Guideline for the pharmacological treatment of hypertension in adults [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2021 [citado 26 Nov 2021]. Disponible en: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/344424/9789240033986-eng.pdf
16. Ministerio de Salud Pública. Anuario Estadístico de Salud 2020 [Internet]. La Habana: Dirección de Registros Médicos y Estadísticas de Salud; 2021 [citado 17 Nov 2021]. Disponible en: https://files.sld.cu/bvscuba/files/2021/08/Anuario-Estadistico-Espa%C3%B1ol-2020-Definitivo.pdf
17. Comisión Nacional Técnica Asesora del Programa de Hipertensión Arterial, Ministerio de Salud Pública de Cuba. Hipertensión arterial. Guía para el diagnóstico, evaluación y tratamiento. La Habana: Editorial Ciencias Médicas; 2018.
18. Bonet Gorbea M, Varona Pérez P. III Encuesta Nacional de factores de riesgo y actividades preventivas de enfermedades no transmisibles. Cuba 2010-2011 [Internet]. La Habana: Editorial Ciencias Médicas; 2014 [citado 16 Nov 2021]. Disponible en: http://www.bvs.sld.cu/libros/encuesta_nacional_riesgo/encuesta_nacional_completo.pdf
19. Shetty PS, James WPT. Body mass index. A measure of chronic energy deficiency in adults. FAO Food Nutr Pap. 1994; 56: 1-57.
20. Gaziano TA, Young CR, Fitzmaurice G, Atwood S, Gaziano JM. Laboratory-based versus non-laboratory-based method for assessment of cardiovascular disease risk: the NHANES I Follow-up Study cohort. Lancet [Internet]. 2008 Mar [citado 25 Nov 2021];371(9616):923-31. Disponible en: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2864150/.
21. Brédos M, Rumiántsev V, Toptiguin I. Electrodinámica clásica. Moscú: Editorial Mir; 1986.
22. Cortese F. Why Should We Focus on Fitness to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Mortality? J Am Coll Cardiol [Internet]. 2020 Abr [citado 25 Nov 2021];75(13):1548-50. Disponible en: https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.02.014
23. Armas Rojas NB, Dueñas Herrera A, Suárez Medina R, Llerena Rojas L, de la Noval García R, Varona Pérez P, et al. Estimación del Riesgo Cardiovascular Global en el Municipio Colon. Matanzas, Cuba. Rev cuba cardiol cir cardiovasc [Internet]. 2016 [citado 16 Nov 2021];22(3):134-42. Disponible en: http://www.revcardiologia.sld.cu/index.php/revcardiologia/article/view/656/html_51
24. Bustamante Rojas RI, Amador Romero FJ, Valdivieso Romero JF, del Toro Ramírez R, Galindo García AM. Evaluación del riesgo cardiovascular global en trabajadores del Instituto Nacional de Salud de los Trabajadores de La Habana. 2017. Rev cuban salud trabajo [Internet]. 2018 [citado 26 Nov 2021];19(3):30-5. Disponible en: https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/revcubsaltra/cst-2018/cst183d.pdf
25. Zamora-Fung R, Blanc-Márquez A, García-Gázquez JJ, Borrego-Moreno Y, Fundora González C. Estimación del riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en un consultorio médico. Univ Med Pinareña [Internet]. 2020 [citado 16 Nov 2021];16(1):e384. Disponible en: https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/revunimedpin/ump-2020/ump201j.pdf
26. Paramio Rodríguez A, Letrán Sarria Y, Requesen Gálvez RL, Hernández Navas M. Riesgo cardiovascular global en el consultorio 10 del Policlínico Mártires de Calabazar. Municipio Boyeros. Rev cuban cardiol cir cardiovasc [Internet]. 2021 Ene-Mar [citado 27 Nov 2021]; 27(1):1-7. Disponible en: http://www.revcardiologia.sld.cu/index.php/revcardiologia/article/view/1008/pdf
27. The WHO CVD Risk Chart Working Group. World Health Organization cardiovascular disease risk charts: revised models to estimate risk in 21 global regions. Lancet Global Health [Internet]. 2019 Oct [citado 21 Nov 2021];7(10):e1332. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31488387/.
28. Visseren FLJ, Mach F, Smulders YM, Carballo D, Koskinas KC, Back M, et al. 2021 Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J [Internet]. 2021 [citado 20 Nov 2021];42:3227-3337. Disponible en: https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/42/34/3227/6358713
29. de la Paz Orellana Flores R, Portillo Benítez IG, Villarroel Martínez MA. Calculadoras de riesgo cardiovascular como estrategia preventiva de eventos isquémicos en la población de Latinoamérica. Alerta [Internet]. 2021 Ene [citado 17 Nov 2021];4(1):40-48. Disponible en: https://alerta.salud.gob.sv/calculadoras-de-riesgo-cardiovascular-como-estrategia-preventiva-de-eventos-isquemicos-en-la-poblacion-de-latinoamerica/.
30. Varona Pérez P, Armas Rojas NB, Suárez Medina R, Dueñas Herrera A, Gámez Sánchez D, Ortega Torres YY. Niveles plasmáticos de la razón Apolipoproteinemia B/A1 y riesgo cardiovascular en la población cubana. Rev cuban cardiol cir cardiovasc [Internet]. 2018 [citado 17 Nov 2021];24(3). Disponible en: http://www.revcardiologia.sld.cu/index.php/revcardiologia/article/view/790/html
31. Santoyo Rodríguez FA, Hernández Hernández Z, Hechavarría Nassar L, Meireles Delgado DM, Rojas Iriarte C. Riesgo cardiovascular global según tablas de Gaziano en pacientes hipertensos. Panorama Cuba y Salud [Internet]. 2018 [citado 19 Nov 2021];13(1):21-28. Disponible en: https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/cubaysalud/pcs-2018/pcs181d.pdf
32. Góngora Gómez O, Gómez Vázquez YE, Bauta Milord R, Riverón Carralero WJ. Estimación del riesgo cardiovascular global en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 de debut. 16 de Abril [Internet]. 2020 [citado 17 Nov 2021];59(278):e929. Disponible en: http://www.rev16deabril.sld.cu/index.php/16_04/article/view/929
33. López FJ, Galindez ME. Nivel de riesgo cardiovascular global de los trabajadores de una empresa de seguridad física de la ciudad de Santiago de Cali en el año 2018 [tesis]. Santiago de Cali, Colombia: Universidad Santiago de Cali; 2019 [citado 18 Nov 2021]. Disponible en: https://repository.usc.edu.co/bitstream/handle/20.500.12421/3732/NIVEL%20DE%20RIESGO.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y
34. Hasabullah M, Kahtani F, Balkhoyor T, Al-Harbi L, Kinsara AJ. A Comparison of Four Cardiovascular Risk Assessment Instruments in Saudi Patients. Cureus [Internet]. 2020 Feb [citado 12 Nov 2021];12(2):e7093. Disponible en: https://www.cureus.com/articles/26280-a-comparison-of-four-cardiovascular-risk-assessment-instruments-in-saudi-patients
35. International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection. Guidelines For Limiting Exposure to Time-Varyng Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields (1Hz to 100 kHz). Health Phys [Internet]. 2010 [citado 12 Nov 2021];99(6):818-36. Disponible en: https://www.icnirp.org/cms/upload/publications/ICNIRPLFgdl.pdf
36. Belyaev I, Dean A, Eger H, Hubmann G, Jandrisovits R, Kern M, et al. EUROPAEM EMF Guideline 2016 for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of EMF-related health problems and illnesses. Rev Environ Health [Internet]. 2016 Jul [citado 12 Nov 2021];31(3):363-97. Disponible en: https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/reveh-2016-0011/html
37. Barceló Pérez C, González Sánchez Y, Calderón Baró J, Ramírez Sotolongo JC. Componente magnético del campo electromagnético de frecuencia extremadamente baja (ELF) en áreas de la ciudad de Cienfuegos. Info HEM [CD-ROM].2010;8(3).
38. Exposure to 50 Hz Magnetic Fields in Homes and Areas Surrounding Urban Transformer Stations in Silla (Spain): Environmental Impact Assessmen. Sustainability [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2021 Nov 23];10(8):1-11. Disponible en: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/8/2641
39. Alonso Fustel E, García Vázquez R, Onaindia Olalde C. Campos electromagnéticos y efectos en salud [Internet]. Bizkaia: Subdirección de Salud Pública de Bizkaia; 2012 [citado 18 Nov 2021]. Disponible en:
https://www.euskadi.eus/contenidos/informacion/salud_amb_campos_electrom/es_def/adjuntos/cem_es.pdf
40. McCallum LC, Whitfield Aslund ML, Knopper LD, Ferguson GM, Ollson CA. Measuring electromagnetic fields (EMF) around wind turbines in Canada: is there a human health concern? Environ Health [Internet]. 2014 Feb [citado 19 Nov 2021];13(1):9. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24529028/.
41. Zaryabova V, Shalamanova T, Israel M. Pilot study of extremely low frequency magnetic fields emitted by transformers in dwellings. Social aspects. Electromagn Biol Med [Internet]. 2013 Jun [citado 11 Nov 2021];32(2):209-17. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23675624/.

Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright: Camagüey Medical Archive Magazine, offers immediately after being indexed in the SciELO Project; Open access to the full text of the articles under the principle of making available and free the research to promote the exchange of global knowledge and contribute to a greater extension, publication, evaluation and extensive use of the articles that can be used without purpose As long as reference is made to the primary source.
Conflicts of interest: authors must declare in a mandatory manner the presence or not of conflicts of interest in relation to the investigation presented.
(Download Statement of potential conflicts of interest)
The Revista Archivo Médico de Camagüey is under a License Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
This license allows others to distribute, to mix, to adjust and to build from its work, even for commercial purposes, as long as it is recognized the authorship of the original creation. This is the most helpful license offered. Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed materials. The full license can be found at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/