Embolismo de líquido amniótico: mitos y realidades etiopatogénicas de un síndrome potencialmente fatal
Keywords:
embolismo, líquido amniótico, etiología, patogenia, fisiopatología, anafilaxia, embarazo.Abstract
RESUMENFundamento: el embolismo de líquido amniótico es un síndrome catastrófico que ocurre durante el trabajo de parto, el parto o inmediatamente. De incidencia variable, es la segunda causa de muerte materna en muchas partes del mundo y que reporta tasas de hasta un 60 % en países desarrollados. En las últimas dos décadas un trabajo de investigación más riguroso ha mejorado enormemente la comprensión de esta condición.
Objetivo: exponer los elementos más recientes que intentan explicar la etiología y la fisiopatología del embolismo de líquido amniótico.
Métodos: se realizó una revisión en 32 bibliografías entre revistas y textos clásicos, a través de la biblioteca virtual cubana, Lilacs, PubMed y Medline.
Desarrollo: la embolia de líquido amniótico es, desde un punto de vista fisiopatológico, parecida al síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica, común en condiciones tales como choque séptico, en el que una respuesta anormal del huésped es la principal responsable de las manifestaciones clínicas. La teoría bimodal es la regla: una fase temprana caracterizada por vasoespasmo e hipertensión pulmonar y fallo ventricular derecho; otra tardía donde prima el fallo ventricular izquierdo, el edema pulmonar, el shock y los trastornos de la coagulación.
Conclusiones: la base fisiopatológica de toda esta secuencia de alteraciones hemodinámicas parece implicar una secuencia compleja de reacciones resultantes de la activación anormal de sistemas mediadores pro inflamatorios similares a los presentes en el síndrome de respuesta inflamatoria sistémica, que sigue al casi universal paso de antígenos fetales a la circulación materna durante el proceso de parto.
Background: amniotic fluid embolism is a catastrophic syndrome that takes place during the onset of labor or during the labor. This syndrome of variable incidence is the second cause of maternal death in many regions of the world. Rates up to 60 % are reported in developed countries. A more rigid investigation has greatly increased the comprehension of this condition in the last two decades.
Objective: to set out the most recent elements that try to explain the etiology and physiopathology of amniotic fluid embolism.
Methods: a review of 32 bibliographies, including journals and classic texts, was made through the Cuban virtual library, Lilacs, PubMed and Medline.
Development: amniotic fluid embolism is, from the physiopathological point of view, similar to the systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and it is common in conditions like septic shock, in which the abnormal response of the host is the main responsible for the clinical manifestations. Bimodal theory is the rule: an early stage characterized by vasospasm and pulmonary hypertension and heart failure; and a late stage where left heart failure, pulmonary edema, shock and coagulation disorders predominate.
Conclusions: the physiopathological basis of this sequence of hemodynamic changes seems to entail a complex sequence of reactions that result from the abnormal activation of proinflammatory mediator systems, similar to those present in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome that follows the almost universal flow of fetal antigens to the maternal circulation during labor.
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