Surfactante exógeno como tratamiento de la atelectasia pulmonar masiva
Abstract
RESUMENFundamento: las atelectasias son un estado de colapso y falta de aire en todo el pulmón o en una zona del mismo. Una vez establecido el diagnóstico de colapso bronquial, el tratamiento debe orientarse directamente a la causa de la obstrucción y a la infección que habitualmente concomita.
Objetivo: utilizar como estrategia de tratamiento el lavado broncoalveolar con surfactante exógeno (Surfacen®) unido a la fisioterapia respiratoria.
Caso clínico: se presenta un caso de una paciente de 16 años de edad con el antecedente patológico personal de Epilepsia desde los dos años de vida bajo tratamiento con valproato de sodio, que ingresa en la unidad de cuidados intensivos del hospital pediátrico Dr. Eduardo Agramonte Piña, a la que se diagnostica por clínica, radiología y gasometría el síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda resultante de una causa pulmonar directa, al quinto día de tratamiento presenta compromiso respiratorio agudo con caída brusca de la oxigenación y se diagnostica radiológicamente una atelectasia masiva del pulmón izquierdo, se le realizó lavado broncoalveolar amplio con solución salina al 0,9 % y luego se instiló surfactante exógeno en dosis de 100 mg diluidos en 10 mL de agua para inyección, dos veces al día, administrado por vía intrabronquial. Luego del segundo lavado broncoalveolar y la kinesioterapia respiratoria, se logra la expansión total de la zona colapsada y recuperación notable de los parámetros de oxigenación. La radiografía reveló una mejoría evidente luego del tratamiento. Se retira la ventilación mecánica cinco días después de esta complicación, mantuvo buena evolución posterior.
Conclusiones: la aplicación del lavado broncoalveolar con surfactante exógeno mejoró el compromiso de oxigenación que ocasiona la atelectasia masiva y permitió una rápida evolución radiográfica en la paciente, así como la disminución de los parámetros ventilatorios.
Background: atelectasis is a collapse state and shortness of breath in part or all of one lung. Once the diagnosis of bronchial collapse is established, the treatment must be directed towards the find of the cause of obstruction and the infection that is usually concomitant.
Objective: to use bronchoalveolar lavage with exogenous surfactant (Surfacen®), along with respira-tory physiotherapy as treatment.
Clinical case: the case of a sixteen-year-old female patient with a personal-pathological history of epilepsy since she was two years old is presented. The patient was under treatment with valproate sodium. She is ad-mitted in the intensive care unit of Dr. Eduardo Agramonte Piña Pediatric Hospital. The patient is diagnosed clinically, radiologically and gasometrically as having respiratory distress syndrome of a direct pulmonary cause. On the fifth day of treatment the patient presented acute respiratory problems with sudden oxygena-tion fall and is diagnosed radiologically as having massive atelectasis of the left lung. She underwent a wide bronchoalveolar lavage with 9 % saline solution and then the instillation of exogenous surfactant in 100 mg doses diluted in 10 ml of water per injection administered intrabronchially twice a day. After the second bron-choalveolar lavage and the respiratory kinesiotherapy, the total expansion of the collapsed area and a notable improvement of the oxygenation parameters were achieved. The mechanical ventilation was moved five days after the complication. The patient kept a good subsequent progress.
Conclusions: the application of bronchoalveolar lavage with exogenous surfactant improved the oxygenation problem that causes massive atelectasis and allowed a rapid radiographic progress in the pa-tient, as well as the decrease of the ventilatory parameters.
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